Age at which dairy cattle become Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis faecal culture positive Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 97, 29-36 Age at which cattle become faecal culture positive for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

not available. 865 Kaevska, M., Hruska, K. (2010) Research on Mycobacterium avium during the period 1995 to 2009 Veterinarni Medicina, 55, 473-482 Papers on Mycobacterium avium, published between 1995 and 2009 that are indexed in the databases Web of Science (R) (Thomson Reuters) and PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine) were analysed and 3377 papers, published by 11 197 authors from 2630 institution and 75 countries were compared. Mycobacterium avium is represented by four subspecies (M. avium subsp. avium, M. avium subsp. silvaticum, M. avium subsp. hominissuis, and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis). Mycobacteria play an important role as human and animal pathogens and represent a potential risk to consumers as food and environmental pathogens and immunomodulators 866 Johnson, D., Harms, N.J., Larter, N.C., Elkin, B.T., Tabel, H., Wei, G.J. (2010) Serum Biochemistry, Serology, and Parasitology of Boreal Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus Caribou) in the Northwest Territories, Canada Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 46, 1096-1107 Boreal caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) are an ecologically and culturally important wildlife species and now range almost exclusively in the boreal forests of Canada, including the Northwest Territories, northern Alberta, and British Columbia. Boreal caribou are threatened throughout their Canadian range because of direct and indirect natural and anthropogenic factors. In the Northwest Territories, however, they have a continuous range that overall has not yet been subjected to the same degree of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation and degradation that has occurred elsewhere in Canada. To monitor the health of boreal caribou populations and individuals, we collected blood from 104 adult, female boreal caribou captured between March 2003 and February 2006 and measured serum biochemical parameters. Serum creatinine was higher in pregnant than in nonpregnant caribou. Several biochemical parameters differed among years, but they tended to be similar to those reported for reindeer. Serum antibodies were found to an alphaherpesvirus, Toxoplasma gondii, and to the Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in 37.5, 2.9, and 1.3% of boreal caribou, respectively. Fecal samples were collected from 149 boreal caribou, and Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts, Giardia sp. cysts, trichostrongyle ova, dorsal-spined nematode larvae, cestode ova, and Eimeria sp. were found. Trypanosoma sp. was detected in the blood of 72.1% of boreal caribou. Eimeria sp., Cryptosporidium sp., and Giardia sp. have not been previously reported in boreal caribou 867 Khol, J.L., Kralik, P., Slana, I., Beran, V., Aurich, C., Baumgartner, W. , Pavlik, I. (2010) Consecutive Excretion of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis in Semen of a Breeding Bull Compared to the Distribution in Feces, Tissue and Blood by IS900 and F57 Quantitative Real-Time PCR and Culture Examinations Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 72, 1283-1288 Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) has emerged as one of the most important diseases in cattle. The role of infected bull semen in the spread of infection remains unclear, as the correlation between the amount of excreted Mycobacterium avium subsp. poratuberculosis (semen and feces) and the infection load (blood and tissues) has not been defined. The aim of the present study was to study by culture, and a quantitative real-time polymerase chain